Viral receptors

Herpesvirus

  • HSV: Heparan sulfate, Herpesvirus entry mediator, Nectin

  • EBV: CD21, MHC II

  • CMV: Heparan sulfate, Integrin, PDGF-α receptor

  • HHV6: CD46, CD134

  • HHV7: CD4

  • HHV8: Heparan sulfate, Integrin, Ephrin

Vaccinia

  • chondroitin sulfate, Heparan sulfate, Laminin [ref]

Adenovirus

  • Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CD46, Desmoglein 2, Integrin, Sialic acid-oligosaccharide

Polyomavirus

  • JC: 5HT2A, LSTc

  • BK: Gangliosides (GD1B, GT1B)

  • Merkel cell: Heparan sulfate, Sialic acid

Papillomavirus

  • Heparan sulfate, Integrin [Ref, Ref]

Parvovirus B19

  • globoside/Erythrocyte P antigen

Rotavirus

  • Integrin, Sialic acid-oligosaccharide, JAMA, Nogoreceptor 1

Picornavirus

  • Echovirus: Integrin, CD55

  • Enterovirus 68: ICAM5

  • Enterovirus 71: PSGL-1, SRB2

  • Coxsackie: Integrin, CD55, CAR, ICAM1, Heparan sulfate, Sialic acid, GRP78/BiP

  • Polio: CD155/Poliovirus receptor

  • Rhinovirus: ICAM1, LDL receptor, CDHR3

  • Parechovirus: Integrin

  • Hepatitis A: TIM-1

Norovirus

  • Histo-blood group antigen, gangliosides

Hepatitis E

  • Unknown,

  • potential candidates – Heparan sulfate, Integrin, GRP78/BiP, ASGPR, ATP5B

Flavivirus

  • Yellow fever: Heparan sulfate, TIM, TAM

  • Dengue: Heparan sulfate, Heat shock proteins(HSP) like GRP78, CLEC,

  • laminin, TIM, TAM, Integrin, SR-B, Claudin, NKp44

  • JE: Heparan sulfate, HSP, Lectin, Integrin

  • West Nile: Heparan sulfate, CLEC, Laminin, TIM, TAM, Integrin, NKp44

  • Hepatitis C: CD81, SR-B1, Lectin, LDL receptor, Heparan sulfate, asialoglycoprotein receptor

Togavirus

  • Rubella: MOG

  • Chikungunya: Mxra8

Coronavirus

  • HCoV – NL63: ACE2

  • HCoV-229E: Aminopeptidase N

  • HCoV-OC43: Sialic acid oligosaccharide

  • HCoV-HKU-1: Sialic acid oligosaccharide

  • MERS-CoV: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4, CEACAM5, Sialic acid

  • SARS-CoV, SARS CoV 2: ACE2

Rabies

  • CD55 (Neural cell adhesion molecule), P75NTR (Nerve growth factor receptor)

Paramyxovirus

  • Parainfluenzavirus: sialic acid

  • Mumps: Sialic acid

  • Measles: SLAM, Nectin, CD46

  • RSV: Heparan sulfate, CX3CR1 (chemokine receptor)

  • Human metapneumovirus: Heparan sulfate

Filovirus

  • Ebola: TIM1, Niemann-Pick C1 cholesterol transporter

LCMV

  • α-dystroglycan

Bunyavirus

  • Hantavirus: Integrin

Orthomyxovirus

  • Influenza: Sialic acid oligosaccharide

Hepatitis B

  • Sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP)

Retrovirus

  • HIV: CD4, Chemokine receptors (CXCR4, CCR5)

  • HTLV: GLUT-1, Neuropilin-1

  1. CAR – Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, 

  2. LSTc – a linear sialylated pentasaccharide

  3. 5HT2A – serotonin receptor, 

  4. JAMA – Junctional adhesion molecule-A, 

  5. PSGL 1 – P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1

  6. SR – scavenger receptor, 

  7. CDHR3 – cadherin-related protein 3, 

  8. GRP78/BiP – Glucose-Regulated Protein 78/binding immunoglobulin protein, 

  9. ASGPR -Asialoglycoprotein Receptor, 

  10. ATP5B – ATP Synthase Subunit 5β, 

  11. CLEC – C type lectin (DC-SIGN/L-SIGN, Mannose receptor, CLEC5A), 

  12. MOG – Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, 

  13. CEACAM5-Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5,

  14. SLAM – Signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule